No. | Character | Character Distribtion | Character status |
| 1. | Scapula very short and deep 
Click Image to Enlarge
| 1. Humans: Shortest/deepest
2. Orangutans: Next shortest
3. Chimpanzees: Next shortest
4. Gorilla: Next shortest
5. Gibbons: Next shortest
6. Monkeys: longest/shallow Characters: Proposed coding:
11000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539).
Robust character |
| 2. | Supraspinous fossa (area above scapula spine) 
| 1. Humans: reduced
2. Orangutans: reduced
3. Chimpanzees: moderate reduction
4. Gorilla: moderate reduction
5. Gibbons: little reduction
6. Monkeys: little reduction? Characters: Proposed coding:
11000 | Presented in Schwartz (1988: 197). Accepted by Groves (Grehan, 2006).
Robust character |
| 3. | Horizontal orientation of scapula spine
| 1. Humans: most horizontal
2. Orangutans: next most horizontal
3. Chimpanzees: moderatly horizontal
4. Gorilla: moderately horizontal
5. Gibbons: moderately horizontal?
6. Monkeys: most vertical Characters:
Proposed coding:
1100000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Accepted by Groves (Grehan, 2006).
Robust character |
| 4. | Coracoid process of scapula deflected upwards
| 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no
4. Gorilla: no
5. Gibbons: no
6. Monkeys: no Characters: Binary
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Accepted by Groves (Grehan, 2006).
Robust character
Click here for scapula images |
| 5. | Delayed ossification of proximal humerus
Click Image to Enlarge | 1. Humans: Most delayed
2. Orangutans: Next delayed
3. Chimpanzees: Next delayed
4. Gorilla: Next delayed
5. Gibbons: Next delayed
6. Monkeys: Least delayed Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
11000 | Illustrated in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539)
Limited sampling support |
| 6. | Delayed ossification of distal radius 
Click Image to Enlarge
| 1. Humans: Most delayed
2. Orangutans: Next delayed
3. Chimpanzees: Next delayed
4. Gorilla: Next delayed
5. Gibbons: Next delayed
6. Monkeys: Least delayed Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
11000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539).
Limited sampling support
> Click here for details |
7. | Ulna fusion sequence | 1. Humans: Most delayed
2. Orangutans: Next delayed
3. Chimpanzees: Next delayed
4. Gorilla: Next delayed
5. Gibbons: Next delayed
6. Monkeys: Least delayed Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
11000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Accepted by Groves (Grehan, 2006).
Limited sampling support |
8. | | |
| | | |
5. | | | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
7. | Talar tubercle short | 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no
4. Gorilla: no
5. Gibbons: no
6. Monkeys: no Characters: Binary
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539).
|
8. | Deep head of flexor digitorum brevis in the lower limb | 1. Humans: rare
2. Orangutans: rare
3. Chimpanzees: common
4. Gorilla: common
5. Gibbons: common
6. Monkeys: common Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
9. | Thenar of sole relative to hypothenar pattern | 1. Humans: greater
2. Orangutans: greater
3. Chimpanzees: equal
4. Gorilla: equal
5. Gibbons: equal
6. Monkeys: equal Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
|
10. | Ethmo-sphenoid contact % | 1. Humans: 97
2. Orangutans: 99
3. Chimpanzees: 77
4. Gorilla: 50
5. Gibbons: less or equal
6. Monkeys: less or equal Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
43210 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
11. | Subnasal floor smoothness | 1. Humans: smooth
2. Orangutans: variably stepped/smooth
3. Chimpanzees: stepped
4. Gorilla: stepped
5. Gibbons: stepped
6. Monkeys: stepped Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
210000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
12. | Adult incisive foramen condition 
| 1. Humans: single foramen
2. Orangutans: single foramen
3. Chimpanzees: weakly double foramena
4. Gorilla: double foramen
5. Gibbons: double fenestrae
6. Monkeys: double fenestrae Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
332100 | Presented in Schwartz 1983,1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539). > Click here for details |
13. | Juvinile incisive foramen condition | 1. Humans: single foramen
2. Orangutans: single foramen
3. Chimpanzees: double foramena
4. Gorilla: double foramena
5. Gibbons: double fenestrae
6. Monkeys: double fenestrae Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
221100 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
14. | Upper molar lingual shape | 1. Humans: oval
2. Orangutans: oval
3. Chimpanzees: more square
4. Gorilla: more square
5. Gibbons: more square
6. Monkeys: more square Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
15. | Molar protocone height relative to paracone of upper anterior deciduous molar | 1. Humans: higher
2. Orangutans: higher
3. Chimpanzees: lower
4. Gorilla: lower
5. Gibbons: lower
6. Monkeys: lower Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
16. | Protoconid position on lower anterior deciduous molar | 1. Humans: anterior
2. Orangutans: anterior
3. Chimpanzees: central
4. Gorilla: central
5. Gibbons: central
6. Monkeys: central Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
17. | Paracristid orientation on lower anterior deciduous molar | 1. Humans: angled
2. Orangutans: angles
3. Chimpanzees: straight
4. Gorilla: straight
5. Gibbons: straight
6. Monkeys: straight Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
18. | Talonid basin condition on lower anterior deciduous molar | 1. Humans: closed
2. Orangutans: closed
3. Chimpanzees: open
4. Gorilla: open
5. Gibbons: open
6. Monkeys: open Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
19. | Trigonid of lower posterior deciduous molar | 1. Humans: short
2. Orangutans: short
3. Chimpanzees: moderately short
4. Gorilla: moderatly short
5. Gibbons: moderately short
6. Monkeys: moderately short Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
20. | Cerebral asymmetries | 1. Humans: marked
2. Orangutans: marked
3. Chimpanzees: moderate
4. Gorilla: moderate
5. Gibbons: moderate
6. Monkeys: moderate Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
21. | Sylvian sulcus asymmetry | 1. Humans: marked
2. Orangutans: marked
3. Chimpanzees: moderate
4. Gorilla: moderate
5. Gibbons: moderate
6. Monkeys: moderate Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
22. | Estriol levels high during mensrual cycle | 1. Humans: high
2. Orangutans: high
3. Chimpanzees: low
4. Gorilla: low
5. Gibbons: absent
6. Monkeys: absent Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
22 1100 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
23. | Estriol levels high during pregnancy | 1. Humans: high
2. Orangutans: high
3. Chimpanzees: low
4. Gorilla: low
5. Gibbons: absent
6. Monkeys: absent Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
221100 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 540) for late pregnancy). |
24. | Adrenal gland size in the fetus | 1. Humans: large
2. Orangutans: large
3. Chimpanzees: small
4. Gorilla: small
5. Gibbons: small
6. Monkeys: small Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
25. | Estrus cycle | 1. Humans: absent
2. Orangutans: absent
3. Chimpanzees: present
4. Gorilla: present
5. Gibbons: present
6. Monkeys: present Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Variable in monkeys, but inconsistently defined.
Questioned by Groves (1987:540) due to zoo orangutans showing mid-cylce proceptivity. > Click here for details |
26. | Gestation period scaled to body weight | 1. Humans: 89.6
2. Orangutans: 87.3
3. Chimpanzees: 81.4
4. Gorilla: 83.8
5. Gibbons: less
6. Monkeys: less Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
432100 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Groves (1987: 540) noted variability for zoo records, but did not identify how they affected the character determination. |
27. | Anogenital tumescence during ovulatory cycle | 1. Humans: absent
2. Orangutans: absent
3. Chimpanzees: present
4. Gorilla: present
5. Gibbons: present
6. Monkeys: sometimes absent? Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Apparently absent in some monkeys, but poorly documented and often overlooked. Treated here as apomorphic for humans and orangutans. > Click here for details |
28. | Mamary gland/nipple distance between right and left gland as a percentage of chest bredth | 1. Humans: 71%
2. Orangutans: 90%
3. Chimpanzees: 52%
4. Gorilla: 46%
5. Gibbons: 32%
6. Monkeys: 40% or less? Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
342100 | Presented in Schultz (1936: pages 281, 444).
Variable according to Groves (1987: 540), but no data provided. |
29. | Gall bladder shape | 1. Humans: slight bend
2. Orangutans: straight
3. Chimpanzees: bent
4. Gorilla: bent
5. Gibbons: bent
6. Monkeys: bent Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
120000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
30. | Accessory lobe size on parotid gland | 1. Humans: slight
2. Orangutans: small
3. Chimpanzees: none
4. Gorilla: none
5. Gibbons: none
6. Monkeys: none Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
120000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
31. | Hair length | 1. Humans: longest (head)
2. Orangutans: next longest (body)
3. Chimpanzees: moderate
4. Gorilla: moderate
5. Gibbons: moderate
6. Monkeys: moderate Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
21000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
32. | Ischial callosities absent (unkeratinized) | 1. Humans: absent
2. Orangutans: absent
3. Chimpanzees: variably present
4. Gorilla: present
5. Gibbons: present
6. Monkeys: present Characters: Multistate:
Proposed coding:
221000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Homology of character in monkeys questioned by Groves (1987: 539). Groves also notes absence of callosities in some individuals of African apes but this does not contradict the complete absence of keratinized callosities in orangutans. |
33. | Vallate paillae number | 1. Humans: 8-12
2. Orangutans: 7-12
3. Chimpanzees: 6-8
4. Gorilla: 3-8
5. Gibbons: less
6. Monkeys: less Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
432100 | Presented in Schwartz 1988. |
34. | Foramen lacerum | 1. Humans: present
2. Orangutans: present
3. Chimpanzees: absent
4. Gorilla: absent
5. Gibbons: absent
6. Monkeys: absent Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz 1988.
Corroborated by Groves (1987: 539) although apparent absence of this character in australopithecines was questioned. Schwartz (pers. comm.) has since confirmed the presence of this character in australopithecines. |
35. | Thick molar enamel | 1. Humans: present
2. Orangutans: present
3. Chimpanzees: absent
4. Gorilla: absent
5. Gibbons: absent
6. Monkeys: rare Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Presented in Schwartz (1988b, 2001). > Click here for details |
36. | Hair on forehead 
| 1. Humans: vestigial
2. Orangutans: vestigial
3. Chimpanzees: similar to body
4. Gorilla: similar to body
5. Gibbons: similar to body
6. Monkeys: similar to body Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding: 110000 | Two monkey species have a receded hairline. It is therefore suggested here that the human-orangutan condition represents a potential synapomorphy. > Click here for details |
37. | Leading edge of cranial hair with a anterior (forward) orientation.
| 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no (posterio-lateral)
4. Gorilla: no (posterior)
5. Gibbons: no (posterior)
6. Monkeys: extremely rare Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Anterior orientatoin of cranial hair found in eight New World monkey species, sometimes in combination with vestigial forehead hair > Click here for details
|
38. | Prescence of a well-developed beard and mustache in the male | 1. Humans: present
2. Orangutans: present
3. Chimpanzees: absent
4. Gorilla: absent
5. Gibbons: absent
6. Monkeys: absent Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | Some monkeys have beards or mustaches, but none have both well developed. The closest similairty in monkeys would be the New World species Saguinus imperator > See Rowe (1996). The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. |
39. | Sustained copulation | 1. Humans: Long
2. Orangutans: Long (5-45 minutes)
3. Chimpanzees: brief
4. Gorilla: brief
5. Gibbons: brief
6. Monkeys: brief Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | |
40. | Proximal end of ulna is the second element to fuse in the elbow | 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no
4. Gorilla: no
5. Gibbons: no
6. Monkeys: no Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | In other primates it is either the epicondyle or the proximal end of the radius. See Shultz (1968: 181) |
41. | Head of the humerus fuses after fusion of the epicondyle in the elbow-hip-annkle joints | 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no
4. Gorilla: no
5. Gibbons: no
6. Monkeys: no Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding:
110000 | In other primates the humerus fuses after the proximal radius, trochanter of femur, or proximal ulna (See Shultz 1968: 181)
42 Radial cross vein in forearm |
| | | 1. Humans: yes
2. Orangutans: yes
3. Chimpanzees: no
4. Gorilla: no
5. Gibbons: no
6. Monkeys: no Characters: Binary:
Proposed coding: | |
