Orangutan Estrus Cycle Details
Home
> Research :: Science Department
> Current Research at the Buffalo Museum of Science
> John R. Grehan
> Human Origins and the Great Apes
> Humans and Orangutan
> Evidence for the Orangutan Relationship
> Orangutan Estrus Cycle Details
Copulation duration and anogenital tumesence in primates
Genital swelling during the menstrual cycle is present in chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas, but absent in humans and orangutans (Graham, 1981). Genital swelling during the menstrual cycle is widespread among primates. It appears to be most frequent in the Old World monkeys and prosimians, and less frequent in New World monkeys. The absence of genital swelling is problematic for documentation because if it is slight it may be missed as it was initially for gibbons. It may, therefore, be more frequent in New World monkeys than current records suggest. The absence of genital swelling in humans and orangutans may represent a shared derived feature, but it is not a uniquely shared similarity within the primates.
The duration of copulation in humans and orangutans may last much longer than in gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, or gibbons, and also most other primates. Anumber of other primate species also have prolonged periods of copulation, although only some prosimians
exhibit a greater duration.
|
Taxon |
Common name |
Copulation |
Visual Cue |
Source |
| LEMURIFORMES | ||||
| Cheirogaleidae | ||||
| Allocebus trichotis | hairy-eared dwr. | |||
| Cheirogaleus major | gtr. dwarf L | 2-3 min | swelling/open | R1996, P.-R 1964, V&E1979 |
| Cheirogaleus medius | w. fat tailed | swell/color/open | H&W1986, R1987 | |
| Microcebus coquereli | Coquerel's | swelling/color | R1996 | |
| Microcebus myoxinus | pyg. mouse | swelling | Schwab 1000 | |
| Microcebus murinus | Gray mouse | 3 minutes | swelling/open | R1996, P.-R 1964, V&E1979 |
| Microcebus rufus | mouse lemur | swelling/color | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Phaner furcifer | fork-marked | vulva open | Rowe 1996 | |
| INDRIDAE | ||||
| Avahi laniger | woolly lemur | |||
| Daubentonia madagascariensis |
aye aye | 1hr-lock (5 m) | swelling | W1994, D1998, R1996 1994 |
| Indri indri | indri | |||
| Propithecus diadema | diadmd. sifaka | swelling/color | Pochron & Wright, 2003 | |
| Propithecus tattersalli | ||||
| Propithecus verrreauxi | white sifaka | 4 min?? | swelling/color | BW1996HW1986, V&E1979,R1987 |
| LEMURIDAE | ||||
| Eulemur coronatus | crowned lemur | swell/color(op) | Kappeler 1987 (T1982) | |
| Eulemur fulvus | brown lemur | swell/color (op) | Boskoff 1978 (T1982) | |
| Eulemur macaco | black lemur | swelling/color | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Eulemur mongoz | mongoose | 6 s - 6 min | swelling/color | Perry et al 1992 p. 88 |
| Eulemur rubriventer | red-bellied | |||
| Haplalemur aureus | goldern | |||
| Haplalemur griseus | lesser | |||
| Haplalemur simus | greater | |||
| Lemur catta | ring-tailed | brief | swelling/color | D1998HW1986R1987 T1982 |
| Varecia variegata | ruffled | brief | swell/color open | B1977D1998, H & W 1986 T1982 |
| MEGALADAPIDAE | ||||
| Lepilemur leucopus | white-footed | vulva open | Rowe 1996 | |
| Lepilemur microdon | small-toothed | |||
| Lepilemur mustelinus | weasel sport. | |||
| Lepilemur ruficaudatus | red-tailed | swell/color | Hilgartner 2006 | |
| Lepilemur septentrionalis | north.-sport. | |||
| STREPSIRRHINI | ||||
| GALGONIDAE | ||||
| Euoticus elegantulus | sth. needle | |||
| Euoticus pallidus | nth. needle | |||
| Galago alleni | Allen's bush | open vulva | Butler 1974 | |
| Galago gallarum | Somali bush | |||
| Galago garnettii | greater bush. | < 4 h (lock) | swelling/color | Dixson 1998, H&W 1986 |
| Galago matschiei | Matshie's | |||
| Galago moholi | southern lesser | 7-12m lock | (swelling/color) | Dixson 1998, (L2001) |
| Galago senegalensis | lesser bush. | <1m, oc<7.5 | swelling/color | H&W1986, V& Eaton 1979 |
| Galagoides demidoff | Demidoff's | < one hour | open vulva | Rowe 1996 |
| Galagoides thomasi | Thomas' | |||
| Galagoides zanzibaricus | Zanzibar | open vulva | Butler 1974 | |
| Otolemur crassicaudatus | Thick-tailed | 4-8 min | swelling | Van Horn & Eaton 1979 |
| Otolemur garnetii | Garnett's | swelling/color | Watson et al 2003 | |
| LORIDAE | . | |||
| Arctocebus aureus | golden ang. | |||
| Arctocebus calabarensis | angwantibo | 4 minutes | swelling | D1998, V&E1979 |
| Loris tardigradus | slender loris | 10-17 min | swelling/color | D1998HW1986R1996VE1979 |
| Nycticebus coucang | slow loris | 3 minutes | swelling/color | R1996, VE1979 |
| Nycticebus pygmaeus | pygmy loris | 4-10 sec. | swelling | Dixson 1998, F-S&J2003 |
| Perodictus potto | potto | prolonged | swelling/color | R1996, HW1986, VE1979 |
| TARSIFORMES | ||||
| TARSIIDAE | ||||
| Tarsier bancanus | western | 60-90 sec. | swelling | Rowe 1996 |
| Tarsier dianae | Dian's tarsier | |||
| Tarsier pulmilus | pygmy tarsier | |||
| Tarsier spectrum | spectral | swelling | MacK&MacK1980 | |
| Tarsier syrichta | Philipine t | swelling | Van Horn & Eaton 1979 | |
| PLATYRRHINI | ||||
| CALLITRIDAE | ||||
| Callitrichinae | ||||
| Callimico goeldii | Goeldi's mar. | brief | NONE | D1998, H& W1986, St1987 |
| Callithrix argentata | bare-ear mar | |||
| Callithrix aurita | buffy tufted- | |||
| Callithrix flaviceps | buffy-headed | |||
| Callithrix geoffroyi | Geoffroy's | slight swelling | Epple 1970 | |
| Callithrix humeralifer | tassel-eared | rapid | Stevenson & Rylands 1988 | |
| Callithrix jacchus | com. marm. | 5-6 sec av | swelling | D1998, H&W1986, RZ1935 |
| Callithrix kuhlii | Wied's tufted | |||
| Callithrix mauesi | Maues marm | |||
| Callithrix nigriceps | black-head | |||
| Callithrix penicillata | black tufted | |||
| Callithrix pygmaea | pygmy marm | 4-10 sec. | (swelling) | H&W1986, Hershk1977 |
| Leontopithecus caissara | black-faced | |||
| Leontopithecuschrysomelas | golden-headed | NONE? | de Vleeschouwer et al 2000 | |
| Leontopithecus chrysopygus | black lion | |||
| Leontopithecus rosalia | lion tamarin | brief | NONE? | D1998, H&W 1986, V2000,Strib1987 |
| Saguinus bicolor | bare-faced | NONE? | Heistermann et al 1987 implied | |
| Saguinus fuscicolis | saddleback | 3 sec-6 min | Shadle et al. 1965 | |
| Saguinus geoffroyi | red-crested | brief | Moynihan 1970 | |
| Saguinus imperator | emporer | |||
| Saguinus inustus | mottled-face | |||
| Saguinus labiatus | red-bellied | |||
| Saguinus leucopus | silver-brown | |||
| Saguinus midas | golden-hand | swelling | H1977 | |
| Saguinus mystax | mustached | 10-45 sec. | swelling/color | Hayman 1996, S&H1992 |
| Saguinus nigricollis | Spix's black | 6-335 sec. | (NONE) | H1977 (Wet.al1972) |
| Saguinus oedipus | cottontop tam. | <30 sec | NONE | D1998Det2004HW1986Z1993T1984 |
| Saguinus tripartitus | golden-mantled | |||
| CEBIDAE | ||||
| Aotinae | ||||
| Aotus azarai | ||||
| Aotus brumbacki | ||||
| Aotus hershkovitzi | ||||
| Aotus influatus | ||||
| Aotus lemurinus | < 30 sec | (NONE) | D (1994)1998, Det al. 2004 | |
| Aotus miconax | ||||
| Aotus nancymaae | 5-30 sec | Wol&Eav2007p1304 | ||
| Aotus nigriceps | sth. red-n. | |||
| Aotus trivirgatus | nth. gray-n | |||
| Aotus vociferans | ||||
| Alouattinae | ||||
| Alouatta belzebul | red howler | NONE | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Alouatta caraya | black-and-gold | NONE | Kinzey1997 p. 182 | |
| Alouatta coibensis | coiba island | |||
| Aloutta fusca | brown howler | |||
| Alouatta palliata (villosa) | mantled howler | av22 mx50s | color/swelling | C1964,G1980,HW1986; J1985 |
| Alouatta pigra | black howler | 30 sec-1 m. | swelling | Horwich1983p.224, Dahl&Nad1992 |
| Alouatta sara | Bolivian red | |||
| Alouatta seniculus | red howler | slight swelling | C&S1982 | |
| Atelinae | ||||
| Ateles |
clitoris midcyle, |
Campbell 2008 | ||
| Ateles belzebuth | white-bellied | 5-14 min | R1996, C&G2008 | |
| Ateles chamek | black-faced | |||
| Ateles fusciceps | brown-head | 5-10 min | ? | Rowe 1996 |
| Ateles geoffroyi | black-handed | 8-25 min | (none, 1 indiv) | R1996, C&G2008, (G&W1935) |
| Ateles paniscus | black spider | 10 min av | NONE | Di1998, VR1985, McF1987 |
| Brachyteles arachoides | woolly spider | 1-8 min | Milton 1985, Dixson 1998 | |
| Lagothrix flavicauda | yellow-tailed | |||
| Lagothrix lagotricha | Humboldt's | 3-14 (6.6) | (NONE) | N1988, N1998 (C&McC1968) |
| Callicebinae | ||||
| Callicebus brunneus | brown titi | |||
| Callicebus caligatus | chestnut-bellied | |||
| Callicebus cinserascens | ashy titi | |||
| Callicebus cupreus | red titi | |||
| Callicebus donacophilus | Bolivian gray titi | |||
| Callicebus dubius | tit | |||
| Callicebus hoffmannsi | Hoffmann's | |||
| Callicebus modestus | tiit | |||
| Callicebus moloch | dusky titi | brief | NONE | Dixson 1998, V1999p184 |
| Callicebus oenanthe | Andean titi | |||
| Callicebus olallae | beni titi | |||
| Callicebus personatus | masked titi | |||
| Callicebus torquatus | collared titi | |||
| Cebinae | ||||
| Cebus albifrons | white-fronted | swelling | C&Mc1968 | |
| Cebus apella | brown or tufted | NONE | R1996, Cet al 1999 | |
| Cebus capucinus | white-fronted | slight swelling | H & W1986; not Metal 1997 | |
| Cebus olivaceus | weeper | brief | Dixson 1998 | |
| Saimiri bolivensis | Bolivian squirrel | |||
| Saimiri oerstedii | red-backed | |||
| Saimiri sciureus | squirrel | > 30 sec. | swelling | D1998 H&W1986 C&McC1968 |
| Saimiri ustus | golden-backed | |||
| Saimiri vanzolinii | black squirrel | |||
| Pitheciinae | ||||
| Cacajao calvus | bald uacari | brief | Dixson 1998 | |
| Cacajao melanocephalus | black-headed | |||
| Chiropotes albinasus | white-nosed | reddening | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Chiropotes satanas | bearded | |||
| Pithecia aequatorialis | equatorial saki | |||
| Pithecia albicans | buffy saki | |||
| Pithecia irrorata | bald-faced saki | |||
| Pithecia monachus | monk saki | |||
| Pithecia pithecia | white-faced saki | no obv. change | Savage et al 1995 | |
| CATARHINII | ||||
| CERCOPITHECIDAE | ||||
| Cercopithecinae | ||||
| Allenopithecus nigroviridis | Allen's swamp | swelling | Nowak 1999 | |
| Cercocebus agilis agilis | agile mangab | swelling | Dixson 1998 | |
| Cerocebus a. chrysogaster |
golden-bellied |
15-20 sec | swelling | LF2007,Field, 1995. |
|
Cerocebus atys atys |
sooty mangaby | swelling | D1983, H&W1986 | |
| Cerocebus atys lunulatus | white-capped | swelling | LF2007 | |
| Cercocebus g. galeritus | Tana Riv. mang | swelling | D1998, Kinnaird 1990 | |
| Cerocebus g. sanjei | sanje mangaby | swelling | LF2007 | |
| Cerocebus torquatus atys | sooty mangaby | swelling | Range and Fischer 2004 | |
| Cerocebus t. torquatus | red-capped ma | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Cercopithecus | slight swelling | Hill, 1958 | ||
| Cercopithecus ascanius | red-tailed | |||
| Cercopithecus campbelli | Campbell's | |||
| Cercopithecus cephus | mustached | |||
| Cercopithecus diana | Diana | |||
| Cercopithecus dryas | dryas | |||
| Cercopithecus erythrogaster | white-throated | |||
| Cercopithecus erythrotis | red-eared | |||
| Cercopithecus hamlyni | owl-faced | |||
| Cercopithecus lhoesti | L'Hoest's | |||
| Ceropithecus mitis | blue monkey | swelliing slight | Hill, 1958 | |
| Cercopithecus mona | mona | |||
| Cercopithecus neglectus | De Brazza's | NONE | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Cercopithecus nicititans | spot-nosed | swelling/color | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Cercopithecus petaurista | lesser-nosed | swelling | G&G1976. | |
| Cercopithecus pogonias | crowned | |||
| Cercopithecus preussi | Preuss's | |||
| Cercopithecus sclateri | Sclater's | |||
| Cercopithecus solatus | sun-tailed | |||
| Cercopithecus wolfi | Wolf's | |||
| Chlorocebus aethiops | vervet monkey | < 1 minute | color | D1998, H&W1986, R 1996, Gartlan 1969 |
| Erythrocebus patas | patas | brief | color | D1998, H & W 1986 |
| Lophocebus albigena | gray-cheeked | ave. 14 sec | swelling | D1983,1998 HW1986Wallis1983 |
| Lophocebus aterrimus | black mang. | color/swelling | Dixson 1998 | |
| Lophocebus kipunji | highland mang | selling | LF2007 | |
| Maccaca - variable expression within species (Dixson 1983) | ||||
| Macaca arctoides | stump-tailed | > 14 min | slight swelling | Dixson 1998, H&W 1986 |
| Macaca assamensis | Assamese | coloradolescent | Dixson 1983 | |
| Macaca cyclopis | Formosan | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Macaca fascicularis | long-tailed/crab | brief | swelling | D1998, HW1986D1983, N&1972 |
| Macaca fuscata | Japanese | < 1 minute | color | D1998, D2004, H&W 1986 |
| Macaca maurus | moor macaq. | color/swelling | Rowe 1996, M1993 | |
| Macaca mulatta | rhesus | < 1 minute | color | D1998, D2004, H&W1986 |
| Macaca nemestrina | pigtaled | brief | yes | Dixson 1998, Butler 1974 |
| Macaca nigra | Celebes | < 1 minute | swelling | D2004, H&W1986 |
| Macaca ochreata | swelling | Fooden 1969 | ||
| Macaca radiata | bonnet | brief | slight swell | Dixson 1998, Rowe 1996 |
| Macaca silenus | Lion-tailed | brief | swelling | D1998, H&W1986, R1996 |
| Macaca sinica | Toque | yes | Butler 1974 | |
| Macaca sylvanus | Barbary | brief | swelling | Dixson 1998, H & W 1986 |
| Macaca thibetana | Tibetan | brief | slight swelling | Dixson 1998, Rowe 1996 |
| Macaca tonkeana | tonkean | swelling | Rowe 1996 | |
| Mandrillus leucophaeus | drill | < 1 minute | color/swelling | H&W1986, R1996. D2004 |
| Mandrillus sphinx | mandrill | < 1 minute | swelling | D1998, D2004, H&W1986 |
| Miopithecus talapoin | Dwarf | < 1 minute | swelling | Rowell1977, R1996; D1975 |
| Papio hamadryas anubis | olive baboon | brief | swelling | Dix 1998, H&W1986, R1996 |
| Papio ham. cynoceph. | yellow baboon | swelling | H&W1986, BS1997 | |
| Papio ham. hamadryas | hamadryas | brief | swelling | Dixson 1998, H&W 1986 |
| Papio hamadryas papio | Guinea bab. | color/swelling | Rowe 1996 | |
| Papio hamadryas ursinus | chacma bab. | < 1 minute | swelling | Dixson et al 2004, H&W 1986 |
| Theropithecus gelada | gelada bab. | brief | swelling | Dixson 1998, H & W 1986 |
| Colobinae | ||||
| Colobus angolensis | Angolan b&w | |||
| Colobus guereza | Eastern b&w | NONE | H1977, HW1986, HM2006 | |
| Colobus polykomos | King W b&w | NONE | Hrdy 1977, Dixson 1998 | |
| Colobus satanas | black | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Colobus vellerosus | Geoffrey's | |||
| Nasalis larvatus | proboscis m. | 7-58 sec. | (swelling) | Dixson 1998 (Murai 2006) |
| Nasalis concolor | pig-tailed lang. | swelling | Tenza 1989 | |
| Presbytis comata | grizz. leaf m. | |||
| Presbytis femoralis | banded leaf m. | slight swelling | Hunt Curtin 1976 | |
| Presbytis frontata | white-fronted | |||
| Presbytis hosei | Hose's leaf m. | |||
| Presbytis melalophos | mitered leaf m. | |||
| Presbytis potenziani | Mentawai | clitoris red | Tilson & Tenaza, 1976 | |
| Presbytis rubicunda | maroon leaf | |||
| Presbytis thomasi | Thomas' leaf | |||
| Procolobus badius | Western red | brief | swelling | D1998, HW1986, S&1980 |
| Procolobus pennantii | Pennant's red | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Procolobus preussi | Preuss's | swelling | H&W1986, Rowe 1996 | |
| Procolobus rufomitratus | Tana River red | swelling | implied as sub sp of badius | |
| Procolobus verus | olive colobus | swelling | D1983, O1994, R1996 | |
| Pygathriz (Rhinopithecus) | ||||
| Pygathrix avunculus | Tonkin snub n | |||
| Pygathrix bieti | Yunnan snub n | 16-20 sec | NONE | Cui&Xiao 2004, He2001 GZ2004 |
| Pygathrix brelichi | Guizhou | |||
| Pygathrix roxellana | Sichuan | 1-2 min | NONE | Clark1991, Qi1982, R1995 |
| Pygathrix nemaeus | r-shanked dou. | <30seconds | color/swelling | B&L 1975, H1972, K1978 |
| Pygathrix nigripes | b-shanked | |||
| Semnopithecus (Presbytis) entellus | hanuman langur | slight change | Roonwal & Mohnot 1977 | |
| Trachypithecus auratus | ebony langur | color/swelling | Shelmidine et.al 2007 | |
| Trachypithecus cristatus | sliver-leaf lang | color/swelling | H&W1986, S2007 | |
| Trachypithecus delacouri | Delacour's lan | |||
| Trachypithecus francoisi | Francois' lang | |||
| Trachypithecus geei | golden langur | NONE | Hrdy 1977 | |
| Trachypithecus johnii | Nilgiri langur | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Trachypithecus obscurus | dusky leaf | swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Trachypithecus phayrei | Phayre's | |||
| Trachypithecus pileatus | capped leaf m. | 22 sec. av. | (?) | Set al. 2007 (H1977) |
| Trachypithecus vetulus | purple-faced | NONE | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| HOMINIOIDEA | ||||
| Hylobatidae | ||||
| Hylobates agilis albibarbis | swelliing | C&C2006, Mootnick 2006 | ||
| Hylobates hoolock | hoolock | |||
| Hylobates klossii | kloss's gibbon | no data | Mootnick 2006 | |
| Hylobates lar | lar gibbon | 15 seconds | color/swelling | E1974, H&W1986, B2007 |
| Hylobates moloch | silvery Javan | swelling | M2006, Hidgekiss 2007 | |
| Hylobates muelleri | MullersBornean | swelling | C&C2006, Mootnick 2006 | |
| Hylobates pileatus | pileated | slight swelling | Mootnick 2006 | |
| Nomascus concolor | black gibbon | |||
| Nomascus gabriellae | golden-cheek | swelling | G&A2009 | |
| Nomascus leucogenys | Chin wht cheek | |||
| Nomascus) syndactylus | siamang | color/swelling | H&W1986, Chiv1974, 1978 | |
| Panidae | ||||
| Gorilla gorilla beringei | mountain | slight swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 | |
| Gorilla gorilla gorilla | lowland | 1.5 minutes | slight swelling | Hrdy & Whitten 1986 |
| Pan paniscus | bonobo | 13-15 se | swelling/color | De Waal 1995, H&W 1986 |
| Pan troglodytes | chimpanzee | 7 seconds | swelling/color | Kano 1992, H&W 1986 |
| Pongidae | ||||
| Pongo Pygmaeus | orangutan | 1-46 min | none | Grehan 2006 |
| Hominidae | ||||
| Homo sapiens | human | 2-60 | none | Gallup & Burch 2004 |
